John L. Sullivan

For quite some time a fight had been brewing between Jake Kilrain and John L. Sullivan (the Boston Strong Boy), but due to Sullivan's lack of training and drinking habits, the fight was repeatedly postponed by the Sullivan camp. It was because of this that Kilrain was crowned Champion in 1889.

This brought rage from the people of Boston, and money started pouring in, which in turn switched the fight back into the public eye. This eventually succeeded in arranging a fight date. In 1889, Sullivan finally accepted Kilrain's challenge for the last professional bare-knuckle championship boxing match in America.

For the first time, newspapers carried extensive pre-fight coverage, reporting on the fighters' training and speculating on where the bout would take place. The center of activity was New Orleans, but the governor of Louisiana had forbidden the fight.  As a matter of fact, boxing was illegal in most states, including both Louisiana and Mississippi.

On July 7th, an estimated 3,000 spectators boarded special trains from New Orleans for the secret location, which turned out to be Richburg, Mississippi, a community just south of Hattiesburg. In the woods, near the railroad track, a boxing ring and stands were set up.  On the 8th of July 1889, the final professional bare knuckle fight in the USA took place. The fight began at 10:30 that morning, and it looked as if Sullivan was going to lose, especially after he threw up during the 44th round, but the champion got his second wind after that and came on strong.

Sullivan had been attended in his corner by his trainer Muldoon, who had supplied Sullivan with tea laced with whisky, and when asked how long he could keep up the pace Sullivan told him "until tomorrow if necessary".  Whiskey will do that for a Hibernian.

After two hours and sixteen minutes, Kilrain's manager and corner finally threw in the towel after the 75th round of a scheduled 80 round bout. John Lawrence Sullivan was re-crowned as the World Heavyweight Champion.

Just as the fight ended, the local sheriff conveniently arrived to arrest the promotors and boxers.  All of the major players got away.  That was good timing!

Educational Failure

Sin Taxes and Fines

The use of sin taxes or fines represent a possible area for problems in the use of aversive control. Obviously, the person performing the action that is intended to be discouraged experiences a monetary loss; but the taxing or fining municipality, state, or federal government usually experiences an augmentation in the revenue stream as a by-product. This obviously provides the taxing or governing body with a stronger incentive for stricter enforcement of ordinances that are fined.

The philosophical justification for the use of fines or sin taxes is that certain actions are in se malus; and the intent in their use is to discourage those behaviors. Using that perspective, it would seem to be fitting to adopt a schedule of heavy taxation or fines to maximally discourage performing the unwanted behavior. In short, fine the Hell out of them for doing those no-no actions! Make them quit their crappy behavior!

Some examples of activities in these categories include “sin” taxes on tobacco products and alcohol and fines such as for illegal parking, prostitution, speeding or drunken driving. Late fees for paying bills and even the fines for having overdue library books are other minor examples.

It is my contention that in a few cases municipalities might become unwittingly caught on the horns of a dilemma: having to balance two possible consequences:

By levying heavy, severely punitive fines, the agency (a) maximizes the likelihood that an undesired will be seen less often, and become less of a problem. However, the agency may in a few cases be dependent on the collection of fines as part of its revenue stream. This will increasingly motivate the agency towards stringent enforcement; however, if the likelihood of being caught and the severity of punishment are both very high, (b) the potential miscreants will be less likely to offend. And the fine revenues will diminish pretty soon.

Let's take a simple example:  Suppose the present tax on a package of cigarettes went from 62 cents (rate for Tennessee; national average:$1.46) to $10 a pack.  This would price licit cigarettes beyond what a heavy smoker could afford: a two pack per day person would forfeit $7300 per year in taxes!  The chronic smoker would thus be confronted between the legal option, abstinence, and the unlawful ones: theft or bootleg cigarettes.  The law-abiding smoker would have to stop.

Therefore, any official imposition of fines should at least be implicitly accompanied by an understanding of which goal has become more important: Is the fine or tax now still seen as primarily to discourage the action, or has it become primarily a means to generate revenue? If the former, then it would be appropriate to use very heavy fines or taxes accompanied by very intensive enforcement. However, if the goal is primarily to enhance revenue, then calibrate the fine or taxes against the possible revenue produced. In short, the agency is now put in the position of not completely discouraging the behavior, but maximizing its pecuniary gains that might come from it.

While it may sound cynical at first, we must remember that the motives that provide the impetus for human decision-making are not static: humans are very adept in picking up new tastes and de-emphasizing more familiar ones.

 The money from tax and fine revenues are like chocolate for governing bodies.

A Call -- In Arizona

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

Crap!

Back in 1972, George Carlin first performed his signature skit "Seven Words You Can Never Say on Television."  It was a milestone at the time, because it formally expressed which words there were; and especially the thinking that there were only seven.

What were these taboo words?  Shit, fuck, cunt, cocksucker, motherfucker, piss, and tits.  These are still the deplorable seven; but may be further revised to only five.

It's notable what didn't make the cut on George's list: dick, suck, boob, dork, and so forth.

And crap.

I can remember when it was a no-no word.

Never mind the popularity of the game of craps.  This dice game was called craps originally because it was played by the French in old Louisiana.  The French were, you see, called frogs.  So it became Johnny Crapaud's game.  Or simply craps.

Anyway, Bernard de Marigny developed a faubourg in New Orleans in the early 1800's; and one of the street names was Rue du Craps.

Transfer to a later time: 1968.  The summer after the Summer of Love.

I was then employed as a counselor in a therapeutic summer camp for children with behavioral problems.  I was one of the counselors for the smallest group of boys.

One issue that came up in group discussion was the promiscuous use of profanity by group members, including the counselors.  To quote one eight-year-old:  "Yeah, we use cuss words; but Big Jerry and Big Don use them a lot; Big Merry does too.  And Big Ed uses them most of all!"

Busted!

Anyway, we had a discussion which lasted maybe a half-hour; and we unanimously decided that certain words were not to be used: shit and damn being the most notorious.  Another prominent word, crap, was unanimously voted non-profane.

Henry Clay, the Great Compromiser, would have been proud.

Or maybe not.  Somehow, a former minister (one of the counselors)  telling one and all that he needed some peace in the john so he could take a crap may not have been impressive.

But I will say that the fucks and damns stopped.

[I wonder if Prohibition would have been more successful if they continued to allow the consumption of beer.]

Guide to Repairs